Critical (9.8) in monal monal. EPSS 0.6% chance of exploitation in the next 30 days.
Monal before 4.9 does not implement proper sender verification on MAM and Message Carbon (XEP-0280) results. This allows a remote attacker (able to send stanzas to a victim) to inject arbitrary messages into the local history, with full control over the sender and receiver displayed to the victim.
Severity
CVSS 3.1
9.8 critical
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
EPSS
0.6% chance of exploitation in the next 30 days; higher than 46% of CVEs (scores of 2026-10-31)