{"cve":"CVE-2025-54887","nvd":{"published":"2025-08-08T01:15:25.287","modified":"2026-06-17T09:40:52.227","status":"Deferred","description":"jwe is a Ruby implementation of the RFC 7516 JSON Web Encryption (JWE) standard. In versions 1.1.0 and below, authentication tags of encrypted JWEs can be brute forced, which may result in loss of confidentiality for those JWEs and provide ways to craft arbitrary JWEs. This puts users at risk because JWEs can be modified to decrypt to an arbitrary value, decrypted by observing parsing differences and the GCM internal GHASH key can be recovered. Users are affected by this vulnerability even if they do not use an AES-GCM encryption algorithm for their JWEs. As the GHASH key may have been leaked, users must rotate the encryption keys after upgrading. This issue is fixed in version 1.1.1.","cvss_v4":null,"cvss_v3":{"version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","score":9.1},"cwes":["CWE-354"],"references":["https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwe/commit/1e719d79ba3d7aadaa39a2f08c25df077a0f9ff1","https://github.com/jwt/ruby-jwe/security/advisories/GHSA-c7p4-hx26-pr73"],"products":[],"source":"nvd","synced_at":"2026-10-19T22:06:45.861874017+00:00"},"epss":{"cve":"CVE-2025-54887","score":0.00268,"percentile":0.19013,"date":"2026-10-31"},"kev":null,"osv":[{"id":"GHSA-c7p4-hx26-pr73","url":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-c7p4-hx26-pr73","summary":"JWE is missing AES-GCM authentication tag validation in encrypted JWE","modified":"2025-08-08T19:39:11.576065Z","packages":[{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","name":"jwe","purl":"pkg:gem/jwe","ranges":["<1.1.1"],"fixed":["1.1.1"]}]}],"attribution":["This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD.","EPSS scores: FIRST Exploit Prediction Scoring System, https://www.first.org/epss","Known exploited vulnerabilities: CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","Package advisories: OSV (https://osv.dev), from the GitHub Advisory Database, PyPA, Go, RustSec and other ecosystem databases, under CC-BY 4.0 or CC0","CVE records: the CVE Program's CVE List (https://www.cve.org), under its terms of use (https://www.cve.org/Legal/TermsOfUse). CVE is a registered trademark of The MITRE Corporation; this product is not affiliated with the CVE Program."]}