{"cve":"CVE-2025-38594","nvd":{"published":"2025-08-19T17:15:37.213","modified":"2026-07-30T06:23:29.387","status":"Modified","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\niommu/vt-d: Fix UAF on sva unbind with pending IOPFs\n\nCommit 17fce9d2336d (\"iommu/vt-d: Put iopf enablement in domain attach\npath\") disables IOPF on device by removing the device from its IOMMU's\nIOPF queue when the last IOPF-capable domain is detached from the device.\nUnfortunately, it did this in a wrong place where there are still pending\nIOPFs. As a result, a use-after-free error is potentially triggered and\neventually a kernel panic with a kernel trace similar to the following:\n\n refcount_t: underflow; use-after-free.\n WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 313 at lib/refcount.c:28 refcount_warn_saturate+0xd8/0xe0\n Workqueue: iopf_queue/dmar0-iopfq iommu_sva_handle_iopf\n Call Trace:\n   <TASK>\n   iopf_free_group+0xe/0x20\n   process_one_work+0x197/0x3d0\n   worker_thread+0x23a/0x350\n   ? rescuer_thread+0x4a0/0x4a0\n   kthread+0xf8/0x230\n   ? finish_task_switch.isra.0+0x81/0x260\n   ? kthreads_online_cpu+0x110/0x110\n   ? kthreads_online_cpu+0x110/0x110\n   ret_from_fork+0x13b/0x170\n   ? kthreads_online_cpu+0x110/0x110\n   ret_from_fork_asm+0x11/0x20\n   </TASK>\n  ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---\n\nThe intel_pasid_tear_down_entry() function is responsible for blocking\nhardware from generating new page faults and flushing all in-flight\nones. Therefore, moving iopf_for_domain_remove() after this function\nshould resolve this.","cvss_v4":null,"cvss_v3":{"version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","score":7.8},"cwes":["CWE-416"],"references":["https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c68332b7ee893292bba6e87d31ef2080c066c65d","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f0b9d31c6edd50a6207489cd1bd4ddac814b9cd2"],"products":["linux:linux_kernel"],"source":"nvd","synced_at":"2026-10-19T22:07:46.309729541+00:00"},"epss":{"cve":"CVE-2025-38594","score":0.00158,"percentile":0.04955,"date":"2026-11-01"},"kev":null,"osv":[],"attribution":["This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD.","EPSS scores: FIRST Exploit Prediction Scoring System, https://www.first.org/epss","Known exploited vulnerabilities: CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","Package advisories: OSV (https://osv.dev), from the GitHub Advisory Database, PyPA, Go, RustSec and other ecosystem databases, under CC-BY 4.0 or CC0","CVE records: the CVE Program's CVE List (https://www.cve.org), under its terms of use (https://www.cve.org/Legal/TermsOfUse). CVE is a registered trademark of The MITRE Corporation; this product is not affiliated with the CVE Program."]}