{"cve":"CVE-2025-23161","nvd":{"published":"2025-05-01T13:15:52.060","modified":"2026-06-17T08:52:17.103","status":"Analyzed","description":"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nPCI: vmd: Make vmd_dev::cfg_lock a raw_spinlock_t type\n\nThe access to the PCI config space via pci_ops::read and pci_ops::write is\na low-level hardware access. The functions can be accessed with disabled\ninterrupts even on PREEMPT_RT. The pci_lock is a raw_spinlock_t for this\npurpose.\n\nA spinlock_t becomes a sleeping lock on PREEMPT_RT, so it cannot be\nacquired with disabled interrupts. The vmd_dev::cfg_lock is accessed in\nthe same context as the pci_lock.\n\nMake vmd_dev::cfg_lock a raw_spinlock_t type so it can be used with\ninterrupts disabled.\n\nThis was reported as:\n\n  BUG: sleeping function called from invalid context at kernel/locking/spinlock_rt.c:48\n  Call Trace:\n   rt_spin_lock+0x4e/0x130\n   vmd_pci_read+0x8d/0x100 [vmd]\n   pci_user_read_config_byte+0x6f/0xe0\n   pci_read_config+0xfe/0x290\n   sysfs_kf_bin_read+0x68/0x90\n\n[bigeasy: reword commit message]\nTested-off-by: Luis Claudio R. Goncalves <lgoncalv@redhat.com>\n[kwilczynski: commit log]\n[bhelgaas: add back report info from\nhttps://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20241218115951.83062-1-ryotkkr98@gmail.com/]","cvss_v4":null,"cvss_v3":{"version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","score":5.5},"cwes":["CWE-667"],"references":["https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/13e5148f70e81991acbe0bab5b1b50ba699116e7","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/18056a48669a040bef491e63b25896561ee14d90","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20d0a9062c031068fa39f725a32f182b709b5525","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2358046ead696ca5c7c628d6c0e2c6792619a3e5","https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5c3cfcf0b4bf43530788b08a8eaf7896ec567484"],"products":["debian:debian_linux","linux:linux_kernel"],"source":"nvd","synced_at":"2026-10-19T22:01:11.054312287+00:00"},"epss":{"cve":"CVE-2025-23161","score":0.0015,"percentile":0.04136,"date":"2026-10-31"},"kev":null,"osv":[],"attribution":["This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD.","EPSS scores: FIRST Exploit Prediction Scoring System, https://www.first.org/epss","Known exploited vulnerabilities: CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","Package advisories: OSV (https://osv.dev), from the GitHub Advisory Database, PyPA, Go, RustSec and other ecosystem databases, under CC-BY 4.0 or CC0","CVE records: the CVE Program's CVE List (https://www.cve.org), under its terms of use (https://www.cve.org/Legal/TermsOfUse). CVE is a registered trademark of The MITRE Corporation; this product is not affiliated with the CVE Program."]}