{"cve":"CVE-2018-25223","nvd":{"published":"2026-03-28T12:16:03.170","modified":"2026-10-07T08:10:00.200","status":"Analyzed","description":"Crashmail 1.6 contains a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability that allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code by sending malicious input to the application. Attackers can craft payloads with ROP chains to achieve code execution in the application context, with failed attempts potentially causing denial of service.","cvss_v4":{"vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","score":9.3},"cvss_v3":{"version":"3.1","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","score":9.8},"cwes":["CWE-787"],"references":["http://exploitpack.com","http://ftnapps.sourceforge.net/crashmail.html","https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44331","https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/crashmail-stack-based-buffer-overflow-remote-code-execution"],"products":["ftnapps:crashmail_ii"],"source":"nvd","synced_at":"2026-10-19T22:28:18.033120106+00:00"},"epss":{"cve":"CVE-2018-25223","score":0.0094,"percentile":0.60689,"date":"2026-10-25"},"kev":null,"osv":[],"attribution":["This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD.","EPSS scores: FIRST Exploit Prediction Scoring System, https://www.first.org/epss","Known exploited vulnerabilities: CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","Package advisories: OSV (https://osv.dev), from the GitHub Advisory Database, PyPA, Go, RustSec and other ecosystem databases, under CC-BY 4.0 or CC0","CVE records: the CVE Program's CVE List (https://www.cve.org), under its terms of use (https://www.cve.org/Legal/TermsOfUse). CVE is a registered trademark of The MITRE Corporation; this product is not affiliated with the CVE Program."]}