{"cve":"CVE-2016-1494","nvd":{"published":"2016-01-13T15:59:02.787","modified":"2026-06-17T00:42:04.573","status":"Modified","description":"The verify function in the RSA package for Python (Python-RSA) before 3.3 allows attackers to spoof signatures with a small public exponent via crafted signature padding, aka a BERserk attack.","cvss_v4":null,"cvss_v3":{"version":"3.0","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","score":5.3},"cwes":["CWE-20"],"references":["http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2016-January/175897.html","http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2016-January/175942.html","http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-updates/2016-01/msg00032.html","http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/01/05/1","http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/01/05/3"],"products":["fedoraproject:fedora","opensuse:leap","opensuse:opensuse","python:rsa"],"source":"nvd","synced_at":"2026-10-19T20:37:48.328043465+00:00"},"epss":{"cve":"CVE-2016-1494","score":0.07054,"percentile":0.94202,"date":"2026-10-31"},"kev":null,"osv":[{"id":"GHSA-8rjr-6qq5-pj9p","url":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-8rjr-6qq5-pj9p","summary":"Python RSA allows attackers to spoof signatures","modified":"2024-10-21T22:10:52.441583Z","packages":[{"ecosystem":"PyPI","name":"rsa","purl":"pkg:pypi/rsa","ranges":["<3.3"],"fixed":["3.3"]}]},{"id":"PYSEC-2016-10","url":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/PYSEC-2016-10","summary":"","modified":"2026-06-10T17:02:37.320428281Z","packages":[{"ecosystem":"PyPI","name":"rsa","purl":"pkg:pypi/rsa","ranges":["<3.3"],"fixed":["3.3"]}]}],"attribution":["This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD.","EPSS scores: FIRST Exploit Prediction Scoring System, https://www.first.org/epss","Known exploited vulnerabilities: CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","Package advisories: OSV (https://osv.dev), from the GitHub Advisory Database, PyPA, Go, RustSec and other ecosystem databases, under CC-BY 4.0 or CC0","CVE records: the CVE Program's CVE List (https://www.cve.org), under its terms of use (https://www.cve.org/Legal/TermsOfUse). CVE is a registered trademark of The MITRE Corporation; this product is not affiliated with the CVE Program."]}