{"cve":"CVE-2015-7225","nvd":{"published":"2017-09-06T21:29:00.957","modified":"2026-06-17T00:32:05.073","status":"Modified","description":"Tinfoil Devise-two-factor before 2.0.0 does not strictly follow section 5.2 of RFC 6238 and does not \"burn\" a successfully validated one-time password (aka OTP), which allows remote or physically proximate attackers with a target user's login credentials to log in as said user by obtaining the OTP through performing a man-in-the-middle attack between the provider and verifier, or shoulder surfing, and replaying the OTP in the current time-step.","cvss_v4":null,"cvss_v3":{"version":"3.0","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N","score":5.3},"cwes":["CWE-254"],"references":["http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/06/20/4","http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2015/09/17/2","http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/76789","https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=798466","https://github.com/tinfoil/devise-two-factor/blob/master/UPGRADING.md"],"products":["tinfoilsecurity:devise-two-factor"],"source":"nvd","synced_at":"2026-10-19T20:46:01.145313090+00:00"},"epss":{"cve":"CVE-2015-7225","score":0.02058,"percentile":0.81304,"date":"2026-10-31"},"kev":null,"osv":[{"id":"GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7","url":"https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-x489-jjwm-52g7","summary":"Tinfoil Devise-two-factor does not \"burn\" a successfully validated one-time password (OTP)","modified":"2024-12-08T05:44:02.146290Z","packages":[{"ecosystem":"RubyGems","name":"devise-two-factor","purl":"pkg:gem/devise-two-factor","ranges":["<2.0.0"],"fixed":["2.0.0"]}]}],"attribution":["This product uses the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD.","EPSS scores: FIRST Exploit Prediction Scoring System, https://www.first.org/epss","Known exploited vulnerabilities: CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog, https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog","Package advisories: OSV (https://osv.dev), from the GitHub Advisory Database, PyPA, Go, RustSec and other ecosystem databases, under CC-BY 4.0 or CC0","CVE records: the CVE Program's CVE List (https://www.cve.org), under its terms of use (https://www.cve.org/Legal/TermsOfUse). CVE is a registered trademark of The MITRE Corporation; this product is not affiliated with the CVE Program."]}